Apollo Program

Apollo / Highwater / Pegasus / AAP / Skylab / ASTP

NASA's Apollo Program ran from 1961 to 1972 and was the culmination of the earlier Mercury and Gemini projects, and fulfilled president Kennedy's promise of Americans on the Moon by the end of the decade. It landed the first human on the moon, with 11 to follow. Astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger Chaffee were lost during a fire in the Apollo 1 capsule, and Apollo 13 aborted its moon landing because of an explosion in its Service Module.

To accomplish its goals the program developed the Little Joe II, Saturn I, IB and V rockets, Command, Service and Lunar modules, a Lunar Rover, 3 types of lunar lander simulators, and a Particles and Fields sub-satellite, not to mention the vast array of development, service and launch infrastructure.

Several sub-programs ran alongside or after the main program. Project Highwater released large volumes of water into the ionosphere to understand the effects of large volumes of propellant being released in the event of a high altitude rocket explosion. The Saturn I Block II launched three Pegasus satellites studying the frequencies of micrometeorite impacts on spacecraft.

The Apollo Applications Program (AAP) would build upon the technology and infrastructure of the Apollo Program, but because of budget cuts, only the Skylab space station and the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) would be implemented. Skylab was built out of an S-IVB upper stage with Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) and launched on the final Saturn V rocket. Three 3 astronaut crews would fly to it to conduct science. The ATSP flight docked with a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft, and was the last Apollo capsule to launch.

Apollo 17 CSM-114
On December 7 1972 astronauts Eugene Cernan, Ronald Evans and Harrison Schmitt left earth orbit in their 'America' Command and Service Module, and 3 days later, arrived at the moon. Cernan and Schmitt would continue in the 'Challenger' Lunar Module and land at the Taurus–Littrow valley.
Apollo 17 LM-12
On December 14, 1972, astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt fired the 'Challenger' LM's Lunar Module Ascent Engine and became the last persons to walk on the Moon.
Skylab
Skylab was an American space station launched in 1973 which hosted three three-crew missions lasting until 1974, and de-orbited in 1979. It was built out of an empty Saturn S-IVB third stage, which position it took on its Saturn V launch vehicle.
  • Pad Abort Test 1, Launch Escape System (LES) test, boilerplate Apollo capsule BP-06 (1963)
  • Pad Abort Test 2, LES test with BP-23A (refurbished from Little Joe II A-002) (1965)
  • Qualification Test Vehicle (QTV), one Algol, six Recruit motors, qualification test, simulated CSM, inert LES (1963)
  • A-001, one Algol, six Recruit motors, LES test with BP-12 (1964)
  • A-002, two Algol, four Recruit motors, LES test with BP-23 (1964)
  • A-003, six Algol motors, LES test with BP-22 (1965)
  • A-004, four Algol, five Recruit motors, LES test with Apollo capsule CM-002 (1966)
  • SA-1, suborbital test flight, S-I stage, dummy S-IV and S-V (1961)
  • SA-2, suborbital test flight, Project Highwater (1962)
  • SA-3, suborbital test flight, Project Highwater (1962)
  • SA-4, suborbital test flight, S-I stage, dummy S-IV and S-V, (1963)
  • SA-5, orbital test flight, S-I and S-IV stage, Jupiter nosecone and ballast (1964)
  • SA-6, AS-101, boilerplate capsule BP-13 (1964)
  • SA-7, AS-102, boilerplate capsule BP-15 (1964)
  • SA-9, AS-103, Pegasus 1, BP-26 (1965)
  • SA-8, AS-104, Pegasus 2, BP-16 (1965)
  • SA-10, AS-105, Pegasus 3, BP-9A (1965)
  • SA-201, S-IB and S-IVB stages, suborbital test Apollo capsule CSM-009 (1966)
  • SA-203, S-IVB restart test, no capsule (1966)
  • SA-202, suborbital test Apollo capsule CSM-011 (1966)
  • SA-204, Apollo 1, CSM-012, cabin fire led to the loss of Gus Grissom, Ed White and Roger Chaffee (1967)
  • SA-204, Apollo 5, orbital test of Lunar Module LM-1 (1967)
  • SA-205, Apollo 7, CSM-101, orbital test of Block II CSM with Walter Schirra, Donn Eisele and Walter Cunningham (1968)
  • SA-206, Skylab 2, CSM-116, first crewed Skylab mission with Charles Conrad, Joseph Kerwin and Paul Weitz (1973)
  • SA-207, Skylab 3, CSM-117, Skylab mission with Alan Bean, Owen Garriott and Jack Lousma (1973)
  • SA-208, Skylab 4, CSM-118, Skylab mission with Gerald Carr, Edward Gibson and William Pogue (1973)
  • SA-209, Skylab 5, CSM-119, Skylab mission 5, cancelled (1973)
  • SA-210, ASTP, CSM-111, Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (1975)
  • SA-211, unused
  • SA-212, unused, S-IVB converted to Skylab
  • SA-213, unused
  • SA-214, unused
  • SA-501, Apollo 4, CSM-017, uncrewed all-up test (1967)
  • SA-502, Apollo 6, CSM-020, uncrewed test flight (1968, failed upper stages)
  • SA-503, Apollo 8, CSM-103, first crewed flight, moon orbit with Frank Borman, Jim Lovell and William Anders (1968)
  • SA-504, Apollo 9, CSM-104, earth orbit test of LM-3 with James McDivitt, David Scott and Russell Schweickart (1969)
  • SA-505, Apollo 10, CSM-106, LM-4 Lunar Module dress rehearsal with Thomas Stafford, John Young and Eugene Cernan (1969)
  • SA-506, Apollo 11, CSM-107, LM-5 first lunar landing with Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin (1969)
  • SA-507, Apollo 12, CSM-108, LM-6 landing near Surveyor 3 with Charles Conrad, Richard Gordon and Alan Bean (1969)
  • SA-508, Apollo 13, CSM-109, LM-7 service module explosion with Jim Lovell, John Swigert and Fred Haise (1970)
  • SA-509, Apollo 14, CSM-110, LM-8 last H mission with Alan Shepard, Stuart Roosa and Edgar Mitchell (1971)
  • SA-510, Apollo 15, CSM-112, LM-10, Lunar Rover, SIM bay, with David Scott, Alfred Worden and James Irwin (1971)
  • SA-511, Apollo 16, CSM-113, LM-11, fifth lunar landing, with John Young, Thomas Mattingly and Charles Duke (1972)
  • SA-512, Apollo 17, CSM-114, LM-12, last lunar landing, with Eugene Cernan, Ronald Evans and Harrison Schmitt (1972)
  • SA-513, Skylab 1, two stage Saturn V launch of the Skylab space station (1973)
  • SA-514, unused
  • SA-515, unused, S-IVB converted to the Skylab B backup
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